The movement of feminism began in19th and early 20th centuries across the world. At that time the focal point of the movement was gaining women’s suffrage i.e. Right to vote. From then the movement flourished and the focal point shifted to racism and body shaming against women in 1960-70. In parallel, there was a rising reliance on the idea that the main cause of women's historical subordination was the law. Such a conviction served as the foundation for feminist legal theory and jurisprudence. In the opinion of the feminist philosophy of law, there is an influence of patriarchal norms and masculinity standards on the legal system. In India, the first wave of feminism started in 1850-1920 when the sati system was abolished. In the pre-independence era, the second wave of feminism started and the popularity of women’s rights grew. The women were coming forward and setting forth their opinions against patriarchy and the British. With the beginning third wave of feminism in 1992, harassment and the issue of intersectionality became the centre of attention. The establishment of a national commission for women proved to be a milestone in the journey of feminist jurisprudence in India. The judgement of the Bhawari Devi case of Rajasthan, the Shah Bano case, the Mary Roy case of Kerela, the Suhas Kutti case of Tamil Nadu, and The CEHAT v. union of India case deepened and strengthened the roots of feminist jurisprudence in India. Currently, we are in the fourth wave of feminism where empowerment of women has become the focal point. The Indian legal system has benefited much from the feminist legal thought. “A variety of laws, including the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, the Dowry Prohibition Act, the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, the Maternity Benefit Act, the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, the Indecent Representation of Women Act, and the Equal Remuneration Act”, have made it possible for women to advance in all spheres of life. In this paper, the author has made an attempt to discuss the concept of feminist jurisprudence, how India was affected by the movement, the influence of judicial decisions in the light of feminist legal theory on society and the protectionist interpretation of laws for women.

Academic stress has become a concern among secondary students and higher education students in today’s educational environment. Various study habits and patterns like study session length, break frequency, structured study techniques, multitasking behaviours and mainly social media usage during studying time affects the overall well-being as there is massive usage of social media among students. This study investigates the relationship between the study habits and student stress among secondary school and higher education students in India and USA. Study is descriptive in nature, primary data is collected using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from respondents aged 14–25 years from India and USA. Findings reveal significant cross-country differences in study duration, structured scheduling, and stress levels. Multitasking and poor break management significantly increase stress and burnout risk. The moderating role of country highlights cultural variations in stress pathways.

Cybercrimes have relatively increased in recent years and it is fast evolving using artificial intelligence playing a key role in this exponential growth. The impact of AI on cybersecurity is having two folds: One hand Cyber criminals are using AI to conduct more sophisticated cyber-attacks. On the other hand, it is helping to build a strong cyber defense mechanism. Enabling predicting threats from possible attackers with greater speed and precision than ever before. Artificial Intelligence enables cyber criminals and hackers to exploit vulnerabilities more effectively to avoid detection, execute more sophisticated attacks and scale their operations. Artificial Intelligence in social engineering had made a significant increase in psychological manipulation and deception to obtain sensitive information or assets from their targets. Even though using AI driven cyber threats has increased, AI still plays a crucial role for improving cyber security significantly. Advanced machine learning powers for threat hunting and AI technologies can help to detect and respond to threats with greater accuracy and speed than traditional measures. In this paper given a brief overview on various cyber intelligence aids where AI is integrated for threat intelligence using machine learning to identify and predict malicious threats. This shifts the network from security posture from reactive to preemptive.

The growing tendency of internet aggression, cyberbullying, and toxic communication has generated the necessity of smart technology to promote desirable digital behaviour. Although psychologists have gone a long way in creating and testing digital interventions that enhance empathy, cooperation, and positive interaction, they have not yet been applied in real technological systems. The current research suggests an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model that makes psychological understanding available in scalable and data-driven digital solutions to curb online toxicity and encourage prosocial behaviour in adolescents and young adults. The suggested framework is designed based on three mutually reinforcing dimensions, namely, proactive, interactive, and reactive interventions, each of which is accommodated by the properties of user interaction timing and nature. Prevention-based solutions will narrow down the adverse interactions on the internet by using educative prompts, emotional awareness devices, and the digital literacy module provided through AI capabilities. The interactive interventions utilise the real-time monitoring and adaptive feedback tool through natural language processing (NLP) and sentiment analysis in order to promote self-regulation and empathy in online interactions. Reactive intervention is premised on Reactive post-event reflection and behavioural strengthening, which involve the provision of Restorative feedback, online counselling referral mechanisms as well as peer-support. The combination of these layers will result in a complete ecosystem that is toxic in the prevention of online behaviour and responsive. The theoretical framework revolves around the methodological integration of the supervised and reinforcement models of learning with the socio-behavioural data sets when distinguishing linguistic and affective signals of aggression, empathy and cooperation. The lessons inform the dynamic provision of the interventions and consequently contextual lessons with the use of the ethical data. The study also embraces the principles of participatory design because the educators, psychologists and adolescent users are invited in system verification to enhance usability and credibility. There are preliminary signs that AI-inspired interventions grounded on the psychological theory and balanced with interdisciplinary cooperation can result in a drastic decrease in cases of verbal aggression and an increase in the number of cases of empathy and meaningful discussions in the virtual environment. The paper is also an extension of the existing discussions in the field of AI ethics, digital well-being and social technology because it provides a path towards transforming AI into a means of behavioural empowerment and digital citizenship rather than a surveillance tool. It suggests cooperation among the industries to transform technological innovation not only to be safer, but also caring, empathetic, and inclusive in the digital world. The proposed AI application can be duplicated as an evidence-based strategy of the promoting of the positive internet communication within the educational, social, and community platforms.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in conjunction with emerging technologies has ushered in a transformative phase in scientific and technological development. In the Age of AI, the integration of intelligent systems with technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data analytics, cloud computing, blockchain, and edge computing has significantly reshaped computational paradigms and digital infrastructures. This study examines how the integration of AI with emerging technologies contributes to scientific and technological progress from a Computer Science and Information Technology (CS/IT) perspective, with Mumbai serving as the study area due to its prominence as a technological and innovation hub. The research adopts a system-oriented and analytical approach, focusing on AI-driven architectures, data-centric models, and intelligent computational frameworks deployed across technology-intensive environments in Mumbai. Key dimensions analyzed include AI-enabled data processing efficiency, algorithmic intelligence, system scalability, automation capabilities, and decision-support mechanisms. The study explores how machine learning models, deep learning architectures, and intelligent analytics enhance system performance when combined with emerging technologies. Emphasis is placed on real-world IT applications such as smart systems, intelligent service platforms, scientific data modeling, and technology-driven research environments. Findings indicate that AI integration significantly improves computational accuracy, processing speed, and adaptive intelligence of emerging technology systems. The study highlights the role of explainable AI, cloud-based AI services, and hybrid intelligent frameworks in advancing scientific research and technological innovation. Additionally, challenges related to data security, system interoperability, and ethical AI deployment are identified, offering insights for future system design and policy formulation. The study contributes to CS/IT literature by presenting a structured framework for AI–emerging technology integration and by providing empirical and conceptual insights relevant to researchers, system architects, and technology policymakers. The outcomes underscore the potential of AI-driven emerging technologies to accelerate scientific discovery and sustainable technological growth in urban innovation ecosystems like Mumbai.

AI-driven analytical frameworks significantly enhance the precision, speed, and scalability of astronomical research by enabling automated interpretation of large and complex datasets. Deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks, can extract high-dimensional features from images and spectra that traditional methods often overlook. Machine learning algorithms further support clustering, anomaly detection, and predictive modelling, helping astronomers identify hidden structures and rare cosmic events. The integration of AI reduces manual effort, minimizes error rates, and accelerates data-to-discovery timelines. Moreover, AI-based systems support real-time monitoring and classification of dynamic celestial phenomena. These capabilities strengthen observational accuracy and promote timely scientific insights. The proposed framework demonstrates how AI can transform astronomical workflows. It provides a unified approach for data processing, model training, validation, and visualization. This contributes to establishing a scalable and efficient foundation for next-generation astronomical research. Modern astronomy relies heavily on the analysis of massive, complex, and continuously growing datasets produced by telescopes, sky surveys, and space missions. Traditional analytical techniques often fail to handle the scale, velocity, and heterogeneity of these data streams. Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning and deep learning models, provides an efficient, scalable, and automated solution for processing astronomical data with enhanced accuracy and speed. This paper presents a framework that integrates convolutional neural networks, clustering algorithms, anomaly detection systems, and neural sequence models to classify celestial objects, identify rare astronomical phenomena, and reveal hidden structures in the universe. The study highlights the transformative impact of AI on data-driven astronomy and proposes an end-to-end architecture for large-scale astronomical data analysis. Modern astronomical surveys such as LSST, Gaia, Pan-STARRS, and SDSS generate petabyte-scale datasets that exceed the capability of traditional statistical and manual analysis. Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), offers scalable, automated, and highly efficient mechanisms to handle the computational and analytical challenges associated with large astronomical data streams. This study investigates the implementation of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), clustering algorithms, and anomaly-detection models for automated classification of celestial objects, rare-event detection, pattern discovery, and noise reduction in observational datasets. Experimental evaluations on benchmark astronomical datasets demonstrate that AI-based models significantly improve classification accuracy (up to 97%), reduce processing time by 45–70%, and enable real-time or near–real-time astronomical event monitoring. The findings highlight the transformative role of AI-driven analytical models in improving observational accuracy, accelerating the discovery of transient phenomena, and supporting next-generation astronomical missions.

Startups have an important role in promoting innovations, employment and economic development. However, they have to overcome various challenges during their early growth stage. Thus, this study aims to explore the major key challenges faced by startups during their initial phase. The major challenges may include funding issues, competition in the market, managerial inexperience, regulatory hurdles and technological hurdles. This research is based on descriptive research and uses primary and secondary data. In this paper the findings of the study show that funding issues, lack of awareness among customers and operational inefficiency are the major hurdles for the growth of startups. Thus, this paper concludes that with good financial planning, guidance, support of the government and effective business planning, startups can overcome their challenges during their early growth phase.